Do you think that there is change and continuity in India’s foreign policy? Identify the major changes

Do you think that there is change and continuity in India’s foreign policy? Identify the major changes

Yes, there is both change and continuity in India’s foreign policy over time.

While certain core principles and objectives remain consistent, India’s foreign policy has also evolved in response to changing domestic priorities, global dynamics, and strategic challenges. Some of the major changes in India’s foreign policy include:

1. Economic Liberalization: One of the significant changes in India’s foreign policy occurred in the early 1990s with the introduction of economic liberalization reforms. This shift towards market-oriented economic policies led to a greater emphasis on economic diplomacy, trade liberalization, and attracting foreign investment. India’s integration into the global economy and its engagement with international financial institutions such as the World Trade Organization (WTO) reflect this change.
2. Strategic Partnerships: India has diversified its strategic partnerships and security alliances beyond its traditional non-aligned stance. The strengthening of strategic partnerships with countries like the United States, Japan, Australia, and France reflects a shift towards closer security cooperation, defense collaboration, and alignment with like-minded democracies to address regional and global security challenges.
3. Look East to Act East Policy: India’s “Look East Policy,” initiated in the 1990s, was later rebranded as the “Act East Policy” to signify a more proactive and substantive engagement with the Asia-Pacific region. This shift reflects India’s recognition of the region’s growing economic significance, strategic importance, and the need to deepen ties with Southeast Asian countries, as well as major powers like Japan, South Korea, and Australia.
4. Focus on Neighborhood: India’s foreign policy has placed greater emphasis on its immediate neighborhood, with initiatives such as the “Neighborhood First” policy. There has been a concerted effort to strengthen bilateral relations, enhance connectivity, and promote economic cooperation with neighboring countries in South Asia, as well as the Indian Ocean region. However, challenges such as border disputes, security threats, and geopolitical competition continue to impact regional dynamics.
5. Global Leadership and Multilateralism: India has sought to play a more assertive role in global affairs, aspiring to become a leading voice on issues such as climate change, sustainable development, counterterrorism, and global governance reform. India’s bid for permanent membership in the United Nations Security Council (UNSC), participation in multilateral forums like the G20 and BRICS, and contributions to peacekeeping operations underscore its aspirations for greater global leadership and influence.
6. Shift in Relations with Pakistan: India’s approach towards Pakistan has witnessed fluctuations over the years, reflecting changes in bilateral relations, security dynamics, and domestic politics. While efforts have been made to engage diplomatically and pursue dialogue to address outstanding issues, including the Kashmir conflict and cross-border terrorism, periodic tensions, and military confrontations continue to affect the relationship.

These changes in India’s foreign policy reflect the country’s evolving strategic priorities, economic interests, and security challenges in a rapidly changing global environment. While certain core principles such as non-alignment, strategic autonomy, and pluralism remain central to India’s foreign policy, adaptations and adjustments are made to navigate emerging geopolitical realities and pursue national interests effectively.