As a result of decrease in birth rate, along with further decrease in death rate due to more improvement in health and sanitation, the population growth starts to decline as compared to the second stage. As an example, Mexico arrived at this stage at the beginning of the 21st century. The One-Child Policy of China helped the country to move towards the and next to these stages more rapidly. Examples of this stage are Mexico, China, Kenya, UAE. Please answer the following- 1) In which stage of demographic transition they are in? 2) Mention the reasons for decrease in birth rate.

As a result of decrease in birth rate, along with further decrease in death rate due to more improvement in health and sanitation, the population growth starts to decline as compared to the second stage. As an example, Mexico arrived at this stage at the beginning of the 21st century. The One-Child Policy of China helped the country to move towards the and next to these stages more rapidly. Examples of this stage are Mexico, China, Kenya, UAE. Please answer the following- 1) In which stage of demographic transition they are in? 2) Mention the reasons for decrease in birth rate.

1. The countries mentioned, such as Mexico, China, Kenya, and the UAE, are typically in the third stage of the demographic transition model.

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• Several reasons contribute to the decrease in birth rate:

1. **Economic Development**: As countries advance economically, people tend to have fewer children. This is because in agrarian societies, children were seen as a source of labor. However, in industrialized and urbanized societies, children become an economic burden rather than an asset.

• **Education**: Increased education, especially for women, is correlated with lower birth rates. Educated women tend to marry later and have fewer children as they pursue careers and personal goals.

• **Urbanization**: The shift from rural to urban living often leads to smaller family sizes. Urban areas provide better access to family planning services, education, and employment opportunities, influencing people to have fewer children.

• **Access to Contraception**: Improved access to contraception and family planning services enables individuals to control the timing and number of children they have, leading to smaller family sizes.

• **Changing Social Norms**: Societal attitudes toward family size have shifted over time. In many cultures, there is less pressure to have large families, and smaller families are increasingly accepted and even encouraged.

• **Women’s Empowerment**: Empowering women socially, economically, and politically tends to lead to lower birth rates. When women have more control over their lives and bodies, they are more likely to make choices that result in smaller family sizes.

• **Healthcare Advances**: Better healthcare, including improved maternal and child health, reduces the need for larger families to ensure survival. As infant and child mortality rates decline, parents feel more confident in having fewer children.

• **Government Policies**: Government policies, such as China’s One-Child Policy (now relaxed to a Two-Child Policy), can directly influence birth rates. These policies may include incentives or penalties to encourage or discourage certain family sizes.

Overall, a combination of economic, social, cultural, and policy factors contributes to the decrease in birth rates observed in countries transitioning through the demographic transition model’s third stage.